Pneumonia causes the death of 2.5 million people worldwide. This lung infection affects the alveoli (air sacs) and surrounding tissue and presents characteristic symptoms such as fever and persistent cough, which may be accompanied by sputum, shortness of breath, general malaise and weakness. However, the severity of symptoms may vary according to the causative microorganism and the condition of everyone. Dr. Fatima Ortega, a pulmonologist at our clinic, provides us with valuable information about this disease.

How is pneumonia spread?

Pneumonia can be acquired by inhaling germ-laden droplets emitted by coughing or sneezing, or by the spread of viruses or bacteria from the nose, throat or sinuses. Incubation time varies according to its origin, although it is generally 1 to 3 days.

How is it diagnosed?

Most cases of pneumonia are diagnosed by medical examination and imaging studies, such as chest x-ray or chest CT scan. Sputum and blood samples are also analyzed to identify the causative microorganism. However, in about half of the cases it is not possible to determine the specific agent.

What does the treatment consist of?

Treatment depends on the causative agent and the patient’s condition. In some cases, treatment is performed at home with oral antibiotics. In others, especially in older adults or people with comorbidities, hospitalization is necessary, with intravenous antibiotics, oxygen and even ventilatory support. The best way to prevent serious cases of pneumonia is through vaccination, in addition to avoiding smoking, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding contact with sick people, washing hands properly and maintaining good ventilation in the home and workplace.

Complications of pneumonia

Pneumonia can sometimes lead to serious complications, such as oxygen deprivation, need for ventilatory support, admission to intensive care, pleural effusion (fluid around the lung), empyema (pus in the pleural cavity) and lung abscesses. Therefore, early evaluation is essential to initiate treatment in time and facilitate a rapid recovery. In mild cases, the patient can resume activities after a week; but if the pneumonia is severe, a month or more may be required for complete recovery.

Remember:

It is important to maintain a complete vaccination schedule and a healthy lifestyle, in addition to controlling conditions such as asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis and heart or metabolic diseases. In case of symptoms such as persistent fever, intense cough or respiratory difficulty, it is advisable to visit a specialist to receive a timely diagnosis and specific treatment.

Dr. Fatima Ortega
Pulmonologist at Clínica Ricardo Palma