Low back pain is a localized discomfort in the lower back that may be caused by various factors. Approximately 85% of the cases are of non-specific origin, they come from muscular problems that affect ligaments, tendons, among others. The remaining 15% have specific causes, directly related to the spine, such as the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, facet joints or the neural contents of the spinal canal, including the dural sac and nerve roots. Dr. Antero Caballero, orthopedic traumatologist and spine surgeon of our clinic, offers valuable information on this subject.

What are the causes of low back pain?

• Nonspecific causes: They are the most common and are usually related to muscle tension, bad posture, sudden movements or physical overexertion.
• Specific causes: They include conditions such as herniated discs, spondylosis (degeneration of the vertebrae), spondylolisthesis (displacement of one vertebra over another), vertebral fractures and spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal).

How is it diagnosed?

The diagnosis of low back pain should be made by a detailed clinical evaluation. In cases of non-specific pain, analgesics such as NSAIDs, muscle relaxants and, if necessary, weak opioids such as tramadol, combined with physical therapy and muscle stretching exercises, are usually used. If the pain has a specific origin, it is crucial to follow the treatment recommended by the specialist, which may include anything from spinal blocks or infiltrations to surgical procedures such as microdiscectomy or spinal endoscopy.

When is surgery necessary?

Surgery is considered necessary when the patient presents warning signs, such as radiating pain, numbness, decreased muscle strength, history of trauma, or when conservative treatment is not effective. In these cases, the patient should be evaluated by an orthopedic traumatologist specializing in the spine to determine the need for surgical procedures, which can range from minimally invasive techniques such as blocks (spinal infiltrations) to microdiscectomy, a surgery performed under an operating microscope or by spinal endoscopy.

Remember these preventive measures:

Maintaining a healthy spine is essential to prevent low back pain. To do so, it is recommended to do physical activity at least 45 minutes a day, avoid being overweight and obesity, do not smoke, maintain a good sitting posture, avoid carrying heavy objects, follow a balanced diet and wear comfortable and appropriate footwear.

Dr. Antero Caballero
Orthopedic traumatologist and spine surgeon at Clínica Ricardo Palma